Contratualismo moral em T.M. Scanlon: sobre justificação e motivação moral

Abstract

Under the tutelage of contractualism, there is a diversity of political and moral theories. A political theory questions the justification for the existence of a State, as well as whether the State can be a source of legitimate political authority. In turn, moral theories seek to elucidate a broader issue, since the question about the legitimacy of the State is not the issue, but the justification of any norm of a moral character is the focus of its investigations. For some thinkers, asking about the justification of a moral norm is asking about the reasons we have for accepting it, that is, whether we have a sufficient set of reasons to compel each other to participate in this moral system. Moral contractualism emerges in this context, raising questions about how to ensure the link between the agents' motivation and the obligation to carry out the appropriate action. The purpose of this dissertation is to elucidate what reasons (motivations) we have for accepting morality as a legitimate system of mutual restrictions. For that, this project will be based on the analysis of the normative theory proposed by T.M. Scanlon in his book What we owe to each other, in order to verify whether the deflation made by his moral contractualism ensures the link between motivation, justification and obligation.