Biologia de Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) e de Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae) em frutos cítricos e sua relação com o pH em dieta artificial.

Abstract

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are considered one of the main groups pests of world fruit culture, highlighting the South-American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) and the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824). This work was divided into three papers with the objectives: (a) verify the oviposition of A. fraterculus and C. capitata in citrus fruits and evaluate the development of these species in relation to orange fruit maturity stage; (B) determine the relationship of the oviposition of both species with the peel of citrus fruits and (c) determine the relationship of their biological parameters with the pH in artificial diet. All experiments were performed in controlled conditions of temperature (25 ± 2°C), relative humidity (70 ± 10%) and photophase (12 h). In the first paper, fruits of ‘Navelina’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], ‘Clemenules’ tangerine (C. reticulata Blanco) and ‘Siciliano’ lemon [C. limon (L.)] were exposed (with and without choice) to females of A. fraterculus and C. capitata and the number of eggs was evaluated. The development was assessed by exposing fruits 'Navelina’ orange in four maturity stages (I - fruit with 5 cm in diameter, II - fruit with 6-7 cm in diameter, III - fruit in green color changing to yellow and IV - fruit with yellow-orange peel) for females, determining the biological parameters of immature and adult stages. In the second paper, fruits of 'Navelina' orange, 'Clemenules' tangerine, Solo 'Golden' papaya (Carica papaya L.), 'Tommy Atkins' mango (Mangifera indica L.) and 'Paluma' guava (Psidium guajava L.) were exposed (whitout choice) for females, assessing the egg insertion depth (mm) and the peel thickness (mm) of the fruits. In the last paper, the diets were tested for rearing larvae: hydrochloric acid free, and doses of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 mL of hydrochloric acid, corresponding to the average pH values of 6.0, 5.0, 4.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.5, and 1.0, respectively, the biological parameters of the immature and adult stages were evaluated. As a result, it was found that the number of eggs laid in orange and tangerine by both species of fruit flies did not significant difference, and in lemon oviposition has not occurred. The development of egg -adult of A. fraterculus and C. capitata in 'Navelina' oranges occurred only in stage IV and lasted 30.90 and 31.04 days, respectively. The two species deposited their eggs in the flavedo of ‘Navelina’ orange and between the flavedo and albedo of ‘Clemenules’ tangerine. Finally, diets with a pH below 4.0 affected the development of immature stages of these species and slowed the beginning of oviposition of A. fraterculus. We conclude that: a) A. fraterculus and C. capitata complete their biological cycle in fruits of ‘Navelina’ orange in stage IV, b) the oviposition of these species is not related to the thickness of citrus peel c) diets with pH below 4.0 affect the development of these tephritids.