Estudo retrospectivo de doenças infecciosas e parasitárias em aves domésticas na região Sul do RS

Abstract

It is necessary to invest in epidemiological studies to watch the frequencies of the different agents that affect like poultry. Establishment of a retrospective study of domestic diseases in the Southern region of Rio Grande do Sul over a period of 17 years (2000-2016). Four hundred domestic poultry samples were collected from the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory (LRD) of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), where the main infectious and parasitic agents were registered. In this study, we evaluated the set of epidemiological and clinical-pathological factors associated with poultry diseases, and several variables presented a significant association. The frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (CI), association measures (odds ratio=OR and relative risk=RR), Chi-square test, and the results considered significant with a value of p≤0.05 were described. The statistical packages used for EpiInfo 6.04 and Microsoft Office Excel 2010. A total of 410 samples of domestic poultry were tested, 104 were bacterial positive, 100 parasite positive, 66 virus positive and only five fungal positive. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., Ascaridae parasites and Eimeria spp., Marek's disease and Gumboro disease, and the fungi Candida and Aspergillus were found at a higher frequency. The objective of this study was the possible to know which birds with Escherichia coli presented higher chances of developing in body condition and respiratory-ophthalmic signs (p<0.05). As well as, higher odds of presenting mortalities (p<0.05), and also, reproductive, enteritis, aerosaculitis and tracheitis lesions (p<0.05). Broilers are risk factors for E. coli infection (p<0.05), and poultry with E. coli were also more likely to develop concomitant bacterial infections (p<0.05). It was also possible to conclude that poultry with Marek's disease presented higher odds of developing nerve, tegumentary and locomotor signs (p<0.05). As well as, more likely to present tumoriform lesions without liver, spleen, kidneys and heart (p<0.05), as well as lesions in the proventriculus, muscle lesions and in the sciatic nerve (p<0.05). Laying poultry, farmed poultry and young poultry constitute risk factors for Marek's disease (p<0.05). Ascarids were the most frequent parasites found in poultry. It was observed that birds with ascarids showed a higher probability of presenting position and behavior of prostration (p<0.05). As well as, greater chances of developing nongastrointestinal tract lesions, muscle injuries, reproductive lesions, central nervoussystem injuries, pneumonia, tracheitis and other lesions in the respiratory system (p<0.05). The non-industrial poultry breeding system showed a risk factor forascarids (p<0.05). The fungi identified were observed at low frequency, so they were not statistically relevant. The most significant results were discussed in detail in three articles. With this study, they can be recognized as the main diseases that prevail in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul, and also know the risk factors that are associated with them. A university with research projects with emphasis on vaccine production, as well as extension projects that aim to bring knowledge of human diseases, are fundamental to improve the quality of poultry quality in the region of study and serve the rest regions where a and even more expressive.