Aspectos fisiológicos e morfométricos de genótipos de arroz em resposta ao estresse térmico

Abstract

The increase in the frequency of occurrence of extreme climatic events, like waves of infra and supra-optimal temperatures, can cause stress in rice plants. Thus, it is important to characterize the effects on the crop, as well as to select genotypes with greater tolerance to such stresses. In this context, the objective was to evaluate, initially, contrasting genotypes of irrigated rice (Nagina 22 and BRS Querênciatolerante and sensitive to high temperatures, respectively) when submitted to supraoptimal temperatures at the vegetative stage; later, the same genotypes when exposed to the elevated temperature of the night during the reproductive stage; and also 42 genotypes of irrigated rice for their phenotypic variability exposed to infra-optimal temperatures at the initial stage of development (V2), using a phenotype platform. In the first study, the genotypes were submitted to two temperature gradients: control (ambient temperature) and supra-optimal temperature (elevation of 3-5 ° C during the day and 1-2 °C at night in relation to the control) from sowing up to 42 days after emergence; in the second study, the same genotypes were exposed to different night temperatures at the reproductive stage, being 22 °C (control) and 28 °C (high night temperature), being evaluated biochemical, physiological and yield parameters; in the third study, genotypes were submitted to infra-optimal temperatures (between 13 and 17 ° C) during phenological stage V2, and their recovery capacity was evaluated. In the first study, supra-optimal temperatures at the vegetative stage increased twice the rate of CO2 assimilation of the tolerant genotype, while it did not significantly modify that of the sensitive genotype, which presented a 20% reduction in dry mass of roots. In the second study, elevated night temperature resulted in higher activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (270%) and peroxidase (80%) enzymes, reduction in total soluble sugars (-30%), increase in spikelet sterility (8%) and decrease in weight of 1000 grains (-13%) in the heat sensitive genotype. Furthermore, the thermotolerance characteristics of the genotype tolerant to supra-optimal temperatures allow to see its use as a source material in plant breeding programs. In the third study it was visualized that infra-optimal temperatures imposed in phenological stage V2 exert negative effects on the rate of electron transport, effective photochemical quantum yield of FSII and chlorophyll index of irrigated rice genotypes, being that the materials Sel. TB 1211-3, CTB 1419, CTB 1444, CTB 1455 and AB 13720 present greater tolerance and recovery capacity at such stress. The functionality of noninvasive physiological phenotyping is highlighted, which can be inserted into plant breeding programs, allowing the characterization and selection of genotypes with wide genetic variability.