Desempenho de cultivares de arroz submetidos à calagem e manejos de água em campos naturais do sul do Amazonas

Abstract

In the southern region of the state of Amazonas, upland rice is normally produced in the rainy season, with average productivity lower than that of other states, such as Rio Grande do Sul. During this period, the high rainfall index in the region causes the water table to rise, which tends to favor irrigated rice cultivation with additional irrigation and increased productivity. However, the soils present high potential acidity and when submitted to flooding, do not present an adequate increase of pH. In this sense, the objectives of the work were to evaluate attributes of soil and rice as a function of liming and water management; agronomic attributes as a function of water management and irrigated rice cultivars in the rainy and dry season. For this, an experiment was conducted with irrigated rice in a greenhouse and two field trials. The results of the experiment with liming and greenhouse water management revealed that liming is necessary and promotes a higher state of reduction and a more pronounced increase in pH of the soil solution in relation to flooded and saturated management without liming. The results of the field experiment in the rainy season showed that, with adequate levels of nutrients in soil and rice plant tissue, yields were similar between aerobic, saturated and flooded managements under conditions of high rainfall. Water management provided variable nutrient contents in the tissue, but all at appropriate levels or higher. The flooded management provided in a more pronounced way than the saturated handling, the reduction of the severity of blast and brown spot in the rice leaf. The saturated and aerobic managements provided an approximate saving of 75 and 100%, respectively, of applied water in relation to the flooded management. The results of the field experiment in the dry period showed that, the flooded management promoted the highest grain yield in relation to the saturated managements and field capacity. It is concluded that liming is indispensable in soils of natural fields in rice cultivation by flooding. In the rainy season, aerobic, saturated and flooded managements provide similar productivity in conditions of high rainfall and natural elevation of the water table. Saturated and aerobic management provide the lowest total volume of water consumed in rice cultivation and greater water use efficiency. In the dry season, flooded management promotes higher grain yield in relation to saturated management and field capacity. The values of water consumption in flooded and saturated water management are extremely high in the dry period, due to losses of water by lateral flow and percolation in depth. The management of water field capacity provides the lowest water consumption and greater efficiency of water use in the dry period.