Função e regulação de membros da família TGF beta no crescimento folicular final e ovulação em bovinos

Abstract

Antral follicle development culminates with ovulation and, in monovulatory species, only one follicle is selected to grow whereas all the others undergo atresia. During these processes, all the follicles are under the same endocrine environment, indicating the participation of locally produced factors in the regulation of follicular growth and differentiation. In this context, the involvement of transforming growth factors-beta (TGF-β) family members and their receptors is highlighted. Despite their high relevance, the real functions of TGF-β proteins in ovarian physiology is still poorly understood. In this regard, the aim of this study was to gain insight into the function and regulation of ovarian factors, investigating the function of growth and differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) during dominant follicle growth. Furthermore, we tested the hypothesis that TGF-β members, especially bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their receptors are regulated during luteinization and ovulation processes in cattle. In a first experiment, the intrafollicular injection of GDF9 in dominant follicles (9±0.2 mm diameter) at final concentrations of 100 and 1000ng/mL did not affect follicular growth, estrus manifestation and ovulation (P>0.05). In a second study, using granulosa cells from preovulatory follicles (>12mm), collected in vivo at different time-points (0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h) after GnRH treatment, mRNA expression of BMPs 1 and 4 was not regulated. By the other size, BMP2 expression was significantly upregulated at 3 and 6 h (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of BMPR2 and TGFBR1 increased 12 h after GnRH treatment (P<0.05), whereas the receptors BMPR-1A and -1B were more expressed at the moment (0 h) and 12 h after GnRH injection. Follicular fluid progesterone concentrations decreased linearly with increased BMPR-1A (R2=0.49) and -1B (R2=0.5) mRNA expression. The increase in TGFBR1 had a negative quadratic effect on progesterone concentration (R2=0.45). The increase in BMP2 (R2=0.4) and BMPR1A (R2=0.28) determined an increase in estradiol, having linear and quadratic effects, respectively. By the other side, follicular fluid estradiol concentrations decreased linearly with increased BMPR2 (R2=0.31) expression. Collectively, the results suggest that increasing the levels of GDF9 in differentiated follicles does not affect their fate. BMP2 expression is associates to high levels of estradiol in follicular fluid, whereas BMPRs expression suggests an inhibitory effect on luteinization. Elucidating the functions of local factors in ovarian physiology would allow to better understand pathological processes and the development of technologies for contraception or, paradoxally, to increase ovulation rates.