O Brasil em estilhaços: a ditadura civil-militar brasileira retratada no cinema na perspectiva de estudantes do ensino médio

Abstract

This study is the result of a PhD research project developed by the History Postgraduate Program (PPGH) of the Pelotas Federal University (UFPEL), in the Cultures Research Line, where lies language, teaching and formation of the learning process. The research problem sought to analyze how high school students understand Brazil's civil-military dictatorship period through what's shown in the cinematographic media and discussed in the classroom. To answer this question, the main objective was to identify which productions of meaning are express on students' learning about Brazilian dictatorship, through the cinematographic media that could promote a debate on Human Rights. To this end, the development of the research was based on action research, seeking a direct and collaborative interaction between the researcher and the participants, valuing them as agents of change, with significant knowledge for the study. The chosen approach included “sensitive listening”, defended by René Barbier (2004), which emphasizes attentive listening in classroom interactions. Through action research, the films Zuzu Angel and Batismo de Sangue were used to mobilize the learning development of the students. Therefore, forty-four (44) senior high school students from two schools in the Rio Grande/RS city responded to the proposed data production instruments. The empirical material produced was analyzed methodologically through the content analysis proposed by Laurence Bardin (2012). The research was theoretically based on authors from different areas, such as History, Education, Sociology, Philosophy and Cinema, among them Marc Ferro (2010), Rosália Duarte (2002), Selva Fonseca (2012), Paulo Freire (1996), Verena Alberti (2014), John Thompson (2009, 2011), Roger Chartier (1990, 2005) and Rüsen (2010, 2011, 2015). Some of the results found during the research revealed a critical understanding from the students, where they shown a perspective that the dictatorship was a cruel period in Brazil's recent history. The students frequently highlighted human rights violations, such as torture, censorship and political persecution, associating these aspects with the authoritarian nature of the dictatorship. The debates held in the classroom, mediated by the films watched, allowed for reflection in the importance of preserving democracy and civil rights.