Manifestações patológicas nas fachadas dos bens inventariados no centro histórico de Bagé/RS: estudo de caso dos revestimentos em cimento penteado

Abstract

The facade of the building is the element that is most exposed to the action of degradation agents and the coating mortar is what gives protection to the substrate, protecting it from the action of the weather. The antique facades, for the most part, are coated with mortar based on aerial lime. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, combed cement began to be used and many characteristics were attributed to the new material. Combed cement, a nomenclature used in the south of Rio Grande do Sul, applies, generically, to all types of cementitious mortar coatings that were intended to simulate stone materials, with combed cement being one of the techniques applied in the fake stone category. Many damages observed in assets of cultural value may be associated with the long period of time that these buildings are exposed to bad weather, lack of maintenance and even lack of interest in their safeguard. The concern with the preservation and the de-characterization of the buildings are drivers for the study about the historic center of the city of Bagé. Through knowledge of the cladding used on antique facades, whether by technique or by the characteristics of the materials, it is possible to understand the degradation of buildings. The object of study was the city of Bagé, south of Rio Grande do Sul, with a focus on buildings with facades covered in combed cement. From this, the objective of this research consisted in adapting the methods usually employed, in the analysis of mortar coatings, to measure the pathological manifestations in the facades in combed cement, in order to determine the degree of degradation of the inventoried assets in the historic center of the city from Bagé/RS. The methodology used to carry out this research consisted of identifying the inventoried goods, selecting and defining the sample, visual inspection and on-site photographic survey, processing and analyzing the collected material, applying and adapting the state evaluation methods degradation of the façades, in the analysis of the results and, as a last phase, the conclusions. The results obtained from the construction of the damage map and the application of the degradation measurement method (MMD) indicate the stains as the most recurrent pathological manifestation. It can be pointed out that the solar orientation with the greatest degradation is west in both methods and the one with the least degradation is east. It was not possible to correlate the urban morphology with the appearance of pathological manifestations, due to the reduced number of specimens in the area of the oldest city. As for the state of conservation, through the average between the studied methods, the facades are in the bad parameter of the levels of degradation.